I think I've run into this bug myself playing V 23.7. Although for me it happens on day 255 2:26 AM and I believe I know what caused it based on the description above.
I shot down a cruiser after choosing to "tail until over land", when I shot it down, if I remember correctly around cuba, it didn't spawn a crash site. I thought it was weird, but thought it must've somehow landed in the ocean. I'm not sure about this though because I cannot find the "After Interception" auto save.
I saw something in the development console about "Unable to find an anomaly definition for the following parameters: [MissionType: Construction (A lot of different biomes) Severity: Major]"
I can upload a save here if it would help in any way.